Introduction of Spirit

Introduction of Spirit

Spirits are generally alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solution of volatile .substances . Normally concentrated aromatic water contain 60% of alcohol while spirits contain 90% of alcohol .

    Tinctures are the alcoholic product directly made from the crude drug while spirits are the alcoholic solution of volatile substances .

   They are prepared by –

      

i)                    Simple solution method

ii)                   Distillation method

iii)                 Chemical reaction method

iv)                 Maceration

-  They should be stored in airtight and light resistant container in cool place .

Introduction of Paint

Introduction of Paint

Paint are the solution in viscous vehcle that are meant to be applied to the skin or mucous membrane with a soft device such as brush or cotton  . Glycerin is the most suitable vehcle because of its high viscosity . It also consider as a suitable substance . It also prevents rapid dilution of the drug and for the local action of the drug is prolonged . It is also a preserve ative and also gives a soothing effect in mucous membrane .

Introduction of Liniment

Introduction of Liniment

Liniments are externally used preparation with rubbing . They may be alcoholic solution ( MONOPHAGIC ) or emulsion of viscous medicinal substances ( BIPHAGIC ) .

   The vehcle used for the preparation of Liniment depend on the type of action required .

Example :-  Alcoholic or hydro alcoholic vehcle are useful when  counter irritant or penetrating action is desired .

Sometimes vehcles are selected on the basis of solubility of the desired component in the various sol vents .

Example :-  Fixed oil like Peanut , Sesame oil and Cotton seed oil or volatile oils like Terpentine oil .

                  It may be the combination of fixed-oil and volatile oils  . Generally , Liniments are to be written in the following directions .

-         “  for external use only “

-         “  shake well before use “  - if the preparation is biphagic .

“  apply with rubbing  “ .

Introduction of Elixir

Introduction of Elixir

Elixirs are clear , sweetened , hydro alcoholic , flavour liquid containing medicament or medicaments . Generally primary solvents of Elixir are alcohol and water and also they are may be Glycerin , sorbitol , Propylene alcohol , Syrup , Flavoring agent  , Preservatives which are helpful in formulating good elixir .

             Generally , sucrose and saccharine are used as sweetening agent . But sucrose foils to be a sweetening agent when the alcohol content is high , then it is slightly soluble in alcohol .

   Generally , it is prepared by simple solution method with agitation or by the admixture of two or more  liquid ingrediance .

Introduction of Ear – Drop

Introduction of Ear – Drop

Ear drop are the solution of medicament in water , glycerin , diluted alcohol , propylene glycol and volatile oil fopr instillation in to the air . Generally ear-drops are instilled for their local action .

  Medicaments such as local anesthetics , antibacterial , antifungal are4 found very common in ear drop .

  Ear drops are generally supplied in a bottle having not more than 10ml volume and a dropper at their mouth .

They should be labeled properly having a special instruction like  “ for external use only “ . 

Introduction of solution

Introduction  of solution

Pharmaceutical solution are defined as liquids containing one or more soluble chemical substances dissolved casually in purified water intended for internally or externally  use . Mostly purified water is used . Sometimes alcohol , diluted alcohol , glycerin or

Propylene glycol can be used as a solvent in the preparation of monophagic liquid for internal use . Purified water is the water obtained by the distillation , ion exchange treatment , or reverse osmosis or other suitable processes . It is prepared drom the drinking water which contain no added substances . Its pH should be in the range of 5 to 7 and total solids should not be more than 0.001% . Drug mixture for solution are the powder mixture of drug along with other additives except the vehcle .

Generally , there are four methods  to prepare a solution –

     i)  Solutions prepared by  simple solution   Example -  NaCl solution

    ii)  Solutions prepared by   chemical reaction . Example – Magnesium citrate solution

  iii)  Solutions prepared by simple solution with sterilization .Example – Ophthalmic solution   .

iv)  Solutions prepared by   extraction . Example – Tincture of various crude drug .

There the solutions having is called True solution  and also they are the solution having solid particles in colloidal states ( 10 to 100 A*) is called Colloidal solution  in which the particles can’t be seenb by necked eye or under ordinary microscope .

Introduction of Syrup

Introduction of Syrup

Syrup is concentrated aqueous preparation of a sugar or sugar substrate ( Propylin , Glycerol , Sorbitol , Glycerin etc ) with or without flavouring agent and medicinal substances .

     There are two types of Flavour syrup

i)                    Flavouring syrup

ii)                   Medicated syrup – It contain a therapeutic or medicinal agent . In addition to the purified water with any medicinal agent . Other additives like sucrose or sugar substances , colouring agent , solubilizing agent , thickner and stabilizer may be added .

    Advantages

i)                    Easy to take for children due to peasant taste .

ii)                   Non-medicated syrup can be use as vehcle for other liquefied preparation .

iii)                 They conmtain little or no alcohol thus flavoured by patient .

iv)                 Drugs being is dissolved from have rate of absorption which produces rapid onset action .

Disadvantages

i)                    They may increase dental cavity .

ii)                   Not suitable dosage for diuretic patient .

iii)                 Not convenient to carry with the patient on tour . 

Introduction of Lotion

Lotions are generally externally used preparation obtained in the monophagic solution , biphagic emulsion or suspensions which are intended to applied to the skin for protective or therapeutic effect of their constituent . Generally the lotion contain finely divided powder which disperse in the dispersion medium and suspended throughout the suspending agentand dispersing agent . Apart from them the lotion also contain disperse phase liquid substances that is invisible with the vehcle and is generally dispersed by the emulsifying agent or any other stabilizer .

     Normally , the lotions are aqueous in nature , uniformly applied to the skin due to their rapid penetration .   

Introduction of Mouth-Wash

Mouth wash are medicated aqueous liquid for cleaning the mouth or treating the disease states of oral mucous membrane . generally mouth-wash are used in front of uvula which gargles are used in the posterior region f mouth cavity . Generally the mouth-wash contains alcohol , glycerine , sweetening-agent , surfactant , flavouring-agent and also colouring agent . It is used for deodorant , refreshing   or antiseptic effects .

Introduction of prescription

Prescription is an order written by an Physician , Dentist  or any other registered medical practitioner to a pharmacist to com pound and dispen se a specific medication for the patient . It is also accompanied with the directions for the patient that how much medicament is to be taken , how many times it is to be taken and how it is to be taken .

           It is the duty of the pharmacist to serve gthe medication needs of the patient according to the intension of the prescriber .

      The prescriptions are generally written in the language of the area in which they originate but Latin words are frequently used in the oprescription writing because in  the older days the medicines were written in Latin language which was understood all over the world .

      Parts of the prescription

A complete prescription should have the following steps : -

i)                   Date

ii)                Name , Age , Sex , Address of the patient

iii)              Subscription

iv)               Inscription

v)                  Superscription

vi)               Signature , address and Registration  number of the prescriber

Date :  Date must be written on the prescription by the prescriber at same time when it is written . The date on the prescription helps a pharmacist to find-out that causes where prescription is brought for dispensing long time after its issue .

Name , Age , Sex and Address of the patient  :  Name , Age , Sex , Address of the patient  must be written on the prescription abut these particulars and put down at the top of the prescription .

      Age , Sex of the patient specially in the case of children , that helps the pharmacist in checking the medication and dosage .

Superscription :  The superscription represented by a symbol Rx  . In the days of mythology and superstition the symbol was considered as a prayer to Jupital , God of Healing . It is a Latin word meaning ( Take-thou ) or ( You – Take ) .

Inscription :  This is the main part of the prescription . It contains the name and quantities of the prescriber ingredient . The name of the ingredients are written each on the separate line , followed by the quantity ordered and the last item written in generally the  vehcle or diluent .

Subscription : The part of the prescription contains prescriber’s directions to the pharmacist regarding the dosage form to be prepared and number opf dosage to be dispensed .

Signature :  It is usually abbreviated as “ Sig “ on the prescription and consist of the directions to be given to the patient , regarding the administration of the drug . It usually indicates the quantity of medicament or number or dosage unit to be taken .

Signature , address and Registration  number of the prescriber :  All other parts of the prescription may be printed or type-written but the prescriber’s name must be hand-written and should be signed with ink .