Introduction of Spirit

Introduction of Spirit

Spirits are generally alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solution of volatile .substances . Normally concentrated aromatic water contain 60% of alcohol while spirits contain 90% of alcohol .

    Tinctures are the alcoholic product directly made from the crude drug while spirits are the alcoholic solution of volatile substances .

   They are prepared by –

      

i)                    Simple solution method

ii)                   Distillation method

iii)                 Chemical reaction method

iv)                 Maceration

-  They should be stored in airtight and light resistant container in cool place .

Introduction of Paint

Introduction of Paint

Paint are the solution in viscous vehcle that are meant to be applied to the skin or mucous membrane with a soft device such as brush or cotton  . Glycerin is the most suitable vehcle because of its high viscosity . It also consider as a suitable substance . It also prevents rapid dilution of the drug and for the local action of the drug is prolonged . It is also a preserve ative and also gives a soothing effect in mucous membrane .

Introduction of Liniment

Introduction of Liniment

Liniments are externally used preparation with rubbing . They may be alcoholic solution ( MONOPHAGIC ) or emulsion of viscous medicinal substances ( BIPHAGIC ) .

   The vehcle used for the preparation of Liniment depend on the type of action required .

Example :-  Alcoholic or hydro alcoholic vehcle are useful when  counter irritant or penetrating action is desired .

Sometimes vehcles are selected on the basis of solubility of the desired component in the various sol vents .

Example :-  Fixed oil like Peanut , Sesame oil and Cotton seed oil or volatile oils like Terpentine oil .

                  It may be the combination of fixed-oil and volatile oils  . Generally , Liniments are to be written in the following directions .

-         “  for external use only “

-         “  shake well before use “  - if the preparation is biphagic .

“  apply with rubbing  “ .

Introduction of Elixir

Introduction of Elixir

Elixirs are clear , sweetened , hydro alcoholic , flavour liquid containing medicament or medicaments . Generally primary solvents of Elixir are alcohol and water and also they are may be Glycerin , sorbitol , Propylene alcohol , Syrup , Flavoring agent  , Preservatives which are helpful in formulating good elixir .

             Generally , sucrose and saccharine are used as sweetening agent . But sucrose foils to be a sweetening agent when the alcohol content is high , then it is slightly soluble in alcohol .

   Generally , it is prepared by simple solution method with agitation or by the admixture of two or more  liquid ingrediance .

Introduction of Ear – Drop

Introduction of Ear – Drop

Ear drop are the solution of medicament in water , glycerin , diluted alcohol , propylene glycol and volatile oil fopr instillation in to the air . Generally ear-drops are instilled for their local action .

  Medicaments such as local anesthetics , antibacterial , antifungal are4 found very common in ear drop .

  Ear drops are generally supplied in a bottle having not more than 10ml volume and a dropper at their mouth .

They should be labeled properly having a special instruction like  “ for external use only “ . 

Introduction of solution

Introduction  of solution

Pharmaceutical solution are defined as liquids containing one or more soluble chemical substances dissolved casually in purified water intended for internally or externally  use . Mostly purified water is used . Sometimes alcohol , diluted alcohol , glycerin or

Propylene glycol can be used as a solvent in the preparation of monophagic liquid for internal use . Purified water is the water obtained by the distillation , ion exchange treatment , or reverse osmosis or other suitable processes . It is prepared drom the drinking water which contain no added substances . Its pH should be in the range of 5 to 7 and total solids should not be more than 0.001% . Drug mixture for solution are the powder mixture of drug along with other additives except the vehcle .

Generally , there are four methods  to prepare a solution –

     i)  Solutions prepared by  simple solution   Example -  NaCl solution

    ii)  Solutions prepared by   chemical reaction . Example – Magnesium citrate solution

  iii)  Solutions prepared by simple solution with sterilization .Example – Ophthalmic solution   .

iv)  Solutions prepared by   extraction . Example – Tincture of various crude drug .

There the solutions having is called True solution  and also they are the solution having solid particles in colloidal states ( 10 to 100 A*) is called Colloidal solution  in which the particles can’t be seenb by necked eye or under ordinary microscope .

Introduction of Syrup

Introduction of Syrup

Syrup is concentrated aqueous preparation of a sugar or sugar substrate ( Propylin , Glycerol , Sorbitol , Glycerin etc ) with or without flavouring agent and medicinal substances .

     There are two types of Flavour syrup

i)                    Flavouring syrup

ii)                   Medicated syrup – It contain a therapeutic or medicinal agent . In addition to the purified water with any medicinal agent . Other additives like sucrose or sugar substances , colouring agent , solubilizing agent , thickner and stabilizer may be added .

    Advantages

i)                    Easy to take for children due to peasant taste .

ii)                   Non-medicated syrup can be use as vehcle for other liquefied preparation .

iii)                 They conmtain little or no alcohol thus flavoured by patient .

iv)                 Drugs being is dissolved from have rate of absorption which produces rapid onset action .

Disadvantages

i)                    They may increase dental cavity .

ii)                   Not suitable dosage for diuretic patient .

iii)                 Not convenient to carry with the patient on tour .